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ESSAYS ON ORIGINS:
Is Evolution a Theory, a Fact, Or a Law?
-- Or, None of the Above?
by Dr. David N. Menton, Ph.D.
This version copyright (c) 1994 by:
Missouri Association for Creation
_____________________________________________________________________
[No. 4 in a series] October 1993, Vol. 3, No. 10
_____________________________________________________________________
I have heard many Christians say that evolution doesn't concern them
because, after all, it's "_only a theory_." Presumably they think that
the word "theory" means about the same thing as a "pipe dream." But the
term _theory_, at least as it applies to experimental science, has a
much nobler meaning than that. A scientific theory is a careful attempt
to explain certain observable _facts_ of nature by means of experiments.
Since many Christians have concluded that evolution is incompatible with
the Biblical account of creation, we would do well to investigate if
evolution is a fact or a theory -- or perhaps neither.
There is a widespread misconception that good theories grow up to be
facts and that the really good ones finally become laws. But these
three categories of scientific description are neither directly related
nor mutually exclusive. It often occurs that a single natural
phenomenon can be described in terms of a theory, a fact, and a law --
all at the same time!
Consider the well-known phenomenon of gravity. First, there is a
_fact_ of gravity. While we cannot actually see gravitational force
itself, we do observe the effects of this force every time we drop
something. There is also a _theory_ of gravity that addresses the
question of how this force we call gravity really works. While we don't
know how gravity works, there are theories that attempt to explain it.
Finally there is the well-known _law_ of gravity. This law, first
formulated by Isaac Newton, a believing Christian and creationist, is a
mathematical equation that shows a relationship between mass, distance
and gravitational force. So, in summary, a _scientific fact_ is an
observable natural occurrence; a _scientific theory_ is an attempt to
explain how a natural occurrence works; and a _scientific law_ is a
mathematical description of a natural occurrence.
Science itself is the whole process of making careful observations of
certain facts of nature and then constructing and testing theories that
seek to explain those facts. Scientists call these attempts to test
their theories experiments. Experimental science, better known as
_empirical science_, is the kind of science that is responsible for the
marvelous technological achievements that make our life easier. One has
only to consider what it would be like to endure surgery without
anesthesia to appreciate the contributions of empirical science to our
lives.
The most important requirement of empirical science is that any
object or phenomenon we wish to study must first be _observable_. While
we may assume the existence of events not witnessed by human observers,
such events are not suited to study by empirical science. Secondly, the
event we wish to study should be _repeatable_. Unique and unrepeatable
events, such as the Babylonian Empire, are the subject of history, not
empirical science. Finally, any theory we might propose as an
explanation for an observable and repeatable event must be _testable_:
we must be able to conceive of an experiment that could refute our
theory if it were wrong. If one were to propose an explanation for an
event in such a way that no one could conceive of any way to test or
refute it, it wouldn't be a theory at all, but rather a _belief_.
Beliefs, of course, are not necessarily wrong, they just aren't well
suited to study by empirical science.
What then shall we say of evolution? First, evolutionists tell us
that major evolutionary changes happen far too slowly, or too rarely, to
be _observable_ in the lifetime of human observers. The offspring of
most living organisms, for example, are said to remain largely unchanged
for tens of thousands, or even millions, of years. Second, even when
evolutionary changes do occur, evolutionist Theodosius Dobzhansky tells
us they are by nature "_unique, unrepeatable_, and _irreversible_."
Dobzhansky concludes that the "applicability of the experimental method
to the study of such unique historical processes is severely
restricted." Finally, evolutionist Paul Ehrlich concedes that the
theory of evolution "cannot be refuted by any possible observations" and
thus is "outside of empirical science."
Still, the occurrence of evolution is widely believed by the
scientific community to be a "fact" and those who dare to doubt it are
not endured gladly. The _Encyclopedia Britannica_ confidently assures
us that "we are not in the least doubt as to the fact of evolution." In
his textbook _Evolution_, Joe Savage says "we do not need a listing of
the evidences to demonstrate the fact of evolution any more than we need
to demonstrate the existence of mountain ranges." In another textbook,
_Outlines of General Zoology_, H. Newman arrogantly declares that
evolution has no rival as an explanation for the origin of everything
"except the outworn and completely refuted one of special creation, now
retained only by the ignorant, the dogmatic, and the prejudicial."
What exactly is the "observable fact" of evolution? First you should
be aware that evolutionists recognize two types of "evolution" --
_microevolution_, which is observable, and _macroevolution_, which
_isn't_. So called "microevolution" is a process of _limited_ variation
among the individuals of a given species that produces the sort of
variety we observe among dogs. Macroevolution, on the other hand, is a
hypothetical process of _unlimited_ variation that evolutionists believe
transforms one kind of living organism into a fundamentally different
kind such as the transformation of reptiles into birds or apes into
people. Obviously, no one has ever observed anything remotely like this
transformation.
The very name "microevolution" is intended to imply that it is this
kind of variation that accumulates to produce macroevolution, though a
growing number of evolutionists admit there is no evidence to support
this. Thus, an observable phenomenon is extrapolated into an
unobservable phenomenon for which there is no evidence, and then the
latter is declared to be a "fact" on the strength of the former. It is
this kind of limitless extrapolation that comprises much of the argument
for evolution.
In conclusion, macroevolution is not observable, repeatable, or
refutable and thus does not qualify as either a scientific fact or
theory. Evolution must be accepted with faith by its believers, many of
whom deny the existence, or at least the power, of the Creator.
Similarly, the Biblical account of creation is not observable,
repeatable or refutable by man. Special creation is accepted with faith
by those who believe that the Bible is the revelation of an omnipotent
and omniscient Creator whose Word is more reliable than the speculations
of men. Both evolution and creation, however, can be compared for their
_compatibility_ with what we _do_ observe of the facts of nature. In
future essays we will see that creation by intelligent design is a
vastly more reasonable explanation for the origin of the complexity we
see in living things than is evolution by mere chance and the intrinsic
properties of matter.
_______________________________________________________________________
Dr. Menton received his Ph.D. in Biology from Brown University. He has
been involved in biomedical research and education for over 30 years.
Dr. Menton is President of the Missouri Association for Creation, Inc.
Originally published in:
St. Louis MetroVoice
PO Box 220010
St. Louis, MO 63122
_______________________________________________________________________
Corrections and revisions have been made by the
author from the original published essay.
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